In this essay, I will focus on gender inequality. Flexibility in Work Arrangements and the Sex Discrimination Act’(2010) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 43. Preston, Alison and Whitehouse, Gillian, ‘Gender Differences in Occupation of Employment within Australia’ (2004) 7 For years, we have been providing online custom writing assistance to students from countries all over the world, including the US, the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, New Zealand, China, and Japan. This measure had a limited impact, given that it only applied to instances where ‘work performed by men and women was of the same or a like nature’. Flexible part-time work often cripples career advancement and most are precarious casual jobs that severely lack the benefits associated with standard employment (such as leave benefits, training, and higher remuneration). It also requires schools to promote inclusion, disability and race equality for all. Women working full-time earn 18% less than men. However, determinations of work value gave higher favour to masculinised areas of work, and functions linked with predominantly female industries were underappreciated. The GPG has also been influenced by the neoliberal direction of industrial relations policy. III FACTORS INFLUENCING GENDER PAY INEQUITY. The undervaluation of work undertaken in female-concentrated occupations contributes to the gender pay gap; and the comparable worth principle must be implemented more widely to overcome this problem. Baxter, Janeen, and Chesters, Jenny, ‘Perceptions of Work-Family Balance: How Effective are Family-Friendly Policies?’ (2011) 14 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 139. Australia’s distinct system of wage-setting has garnered substantial collective benefits for women. Enjoy immediate access on every device, and be ready to dive into a full library to build your expertise. We'll not send The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) and its equivalent state laws have managed to dispel formal barriers to equality, but largely fails to accommodate women’s differences from men. Breaking this stereotype that women are fit for lesser positions than men is important in expanding the selection of qualified workers, creating a more, organization, an understanding of causes and solutions of inequality are needed. It found that the unequal remuneration of male and female-dominated occupations had created a gender earnings differential of around 4 percent, or one-third of the gender wage differential. However… This document contrasts the theories of both the Family as a social unit, and Social class, representing a person’s prestige, and discusses how these two theories differ when, The Main Causes Of The Gender Pay Gap In Australia, The Creation Story Of Islam And The Three Creation Stories, Causes And Impacts And Effects Of Advertisements And Effects. These limitations were partially addressed in the 1972 National Wage Case, resulting in the new principle of ‘equal pay for work of equal value’. From minimum wage jobs to corporate positions, a wage gap between men and women is always present. This is Best of Week on the Academic Minute. In 1999, it was found that for families with both parents employed, 70 per cent of mothers exercised flexible working arrangements such as flexible working hours, permanent part time work and working at home, to give adequate time for child-rearing. In contemporary Australia, women have the, The presence of social feminism has become increasingly more overt in recent years. Let a Professional Expert Help You, Ask a professional expert to help you with your text, Give us your email and we'll send you the essay you need, By clicking Send Me The Sample you agree to the terms and conditions of our service. The pay gap is stuck at 17.4% and it’s predominantly women that have time out for caring responsibilities. Burrow, Sharan, ‘ An Unequal World’ (2004) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 38. Women in Work Index: Closing the Gender Pay Gap PwC Research The 2018 Women in Work Index takes a look at the drivers of the pay gap across the OECD. Specifically, in more concentrated areas such as the American workplace. Compare and contrast as to how two (2) aspects or theories of consumer behaviour as discussed in Schiffman applies to this country and how it differs from that in Australia. In the US there is a requirement of ‘business necessity’ whilst the UK necessitates ‘a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim’. Articles There have only been modest changes to systemic discrimination due to weak substantive provisions and a lack of judicial will. Graycar, Reg, and Morgan, Jenny, ‘Thinking About Equality’ (2004) 27 UNSW Law Journal 833. This gap is originated from the need or want of a tangible product or an intangible service by the potential customers. Redman, Ronnit, ‘Litigating for gender equality: The amicus curiae role of the Sex Discrimination Commissioner’ (2004) 10 UNSW Law Journal Forum 15. Show how this may provide a marketing opportunity for an Australian exporter. Today, women are getting comparable education to men, and working comparable jobs, yet the issue remains. This report will explain the main issue of gender income inequality. For example, the article entitled This is what the gender pay gap looks like in eight countries by Kate Whiting, studies pay rates for women/men in Australia, France, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany, and the Netherlands. This paper presents an analysis of the gender wage gap in the highly regulated Australian labour market. Lyons, Michael and Smith, Meg, ‘Gender Pay Equity, Wage Fixation and Industrial Relations Reform in Australia: One Step forward, Two Steps Backwards?’ (2007) 30 Employee Relations 4, 7. The test did not regularly turn to a male standard. The paper “ Glass Ceiling and Gender Pay Gap in Australia” is a persuasive variant of essays on sociology. Unequal Pay for Equal Work Author: Melanie Varnell Throughout the history of the world, discrimination in all forms has been a constant battle; whether its race, gender, religion, beliefs, appearance or anything else that makes one person different from another, it’s happening every day. The judiciary’s tendency to adopt narrow analyses may reflect an ignorance of the impacts of exclusion and disadvantage, given their relatively privileged social positions. This process disadvantaged workers with lower skills and bargaining power. The greater gender wage gap in the self‐employed sector may reflect liquidity constraints that are more difficult for self‐employed women to overcome relative to self‐employed men. For the Best Psychology Segment Award: Kate Nelson-Coffey, assistant professor in the department of psychology at the University of the South, examined the happiness gap for mothers. International Women’s Day is a call to action. Women are underrepresented in top management and a glass-ceiling phenomenon operates which block the climb from middle to senior management. Undervaluation can be proven by showing that current rates of pay are inconsistent with the tribunal’s assessments of work value. Smith, Belinda, ‘Fair and Equal in the World of Work: Two Significant Federal Developments in Australian Discrimination Law’ (2010) 23 Australian Journal of Labour Law 199. Cite this document Summary … Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Of course female CEOs and executives do exist, yet the balance is far from an ideal equilibrium. In addition, the uneven and weak state regulation of non-standard casual work, left women, who predominantly do such work, particularly vulnerable after successive phases of neoliberal reform. At May 2020, women’s average weekly ordinary full-time earnings across all industries and occupations was $1,558.40 compared to men’s average weekly ordinary full-time earnings of $1,812.00. Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. Get always-fresh news, analysis, best practices, and proprietary research. However the advent of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) may reaffirm commitments to a test of undervaluation. Campbell, Iain, ‘Casual Work and Casualisation: How Does Australia Compare?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 85. The Act’s treatment of systemic disadvantage has been limited and inconsistent. The gender pay gap in society is something thatis deemed ‘distressingly evident’, and continues to steadily control women insociety (McDowell 2014 p.829). Inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. (Crossman, 2014) There are many forms of inequality, e.g. Gender income inequality can be described as the unequal treatment between men and women in terms of revenue, and has been an issue for women for a long period of time. In Australia, the Gender pay gap refers to thediscrepancy in pay between men and women in employment. Major, Brenda, McFarlin, Dean and Gagnon, Diana, ‘Overworked and Underpaid: On the Nature of Gender Differences in Personal Entitlement’ (1984) 47 Journal of Social and Personality Psychology 1399. Whitehouse, Gillian, ‘Pay Equity Prospects’ (2005) 13 Frontline 12. Wooden (1999) indicated that upon controlling for individual and job characteristics, the higher concentration of females in an occupation had a significant negative influence on general earnings. On average they also earn $1million less over the course of their lives compared to male counterparts. We provide essay writing services, other custom assignment help services, and research materials for references purposes only. Gaze, Beth, ‘Twenty Years of the Sex Discrimination Act: Assessing its Achievements’ (2005) 30 Alternative Law Journal 3. Campbell, Iain, ‘Casual Employment, Labour Regulation and Australian Trade Unions’ (1996) 38 Journal of Industrial Relations 571. That’s a high level extrapolated gure based on average full-time weekly earnings for men and women. At our cheap essay writing service, you can be sure to get credible academic aid for a reasonable price, as the name of our website suggests. Hunter, Rosemary, ‘Mirage of the Shrinking State’(2002) 16 The Australian Feminist Law Journal 53. LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Change in number and percentage of employees by industry, employment status and gender, 2015-16 to 2016-17 12 TABLE 2 Gender pay gap within occupation levels for full-time workers, base and total, 2014-15 to 2016-17 16 TABLE 3 Full-time gender pay gap among industries – base salary, 2015-16 to 2016-17 18 TABLE 4 Full-time gender pay gap … Case study results data how to write an essay on who am i. Satirical essay on depression, case study plural form chevening leadership essay example essay format answering questions, como hacer un informative essay, george orwell essay on politics and the english … It means that women are earning 17.6 per cent less than men. However awards are losing prominence with the rise of neoliberalism; and women with lower bargaining power become disadvantaged. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. It has existed for as long as women have had the right to work and although it may be decreasing in the last few years, it is still at a rough 15% gap in Australia alone. National time use studies show that the number of unpaid hours that men and women devote has not changed notably; with women being found to have contributed 65 percent and 64 percent of household activities in 1992 and 1997 respectively. This low appreciation of feminine tasks is a serious issue given that women’s employment remain highly concentrated in clerical, sales and service jobs. Data from the Average Weekly Earnings Survey show that between 1990 and 2009, the gender wage gap remained within a narrow range of between 15 and 17 per cent. This narrow interpretation of equal pay only benefited women with identical jobs as men, leaving female-dominated industries unaffected. In 2002, an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) survey revealed that of employees who took a break after the birth of their youngest child, six per cent of men took longer than six weeks, compared to around 93 per cent of women. Only 54.4% of employers who did a gender pay gap analysis took action to close the identified gaps. Despite long established legislation and community standards, women are still far from equal to men in the workforce. According to Workplace Gender Equality Agency, the average gender pay gap between full-time men and women increases in accordance to age, when the gap begins to narrow due to reduced income in retirement. As far as equality in the social arena, liberal feminists are not generally concerned with traditional gender stereotypes and sexism within present society (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). Course Help Online: A custom essay writing service that sells original assignment help services to students. Women are more likely to enroll in college than men. The successful application of unions in the social, community and disability sector has led to substantial wage gains, upon recognition by the tribunal of an undervaluation of feminised work. Although Australia has made significant strides towards achieving gender equality in workplaces, universities, boardrooms, and government, women still face many challenges in access to the country’ s resources. The Queensland tribunal particularly note factors which may have influenced the valuation of women’s work, such as occupational segregation and the over-representation of women in casual or part-time work. The gender pay gap is the average difference between men women’s gross earnings for the same job. We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing service each and every time you place an order. On average a woman earns $1.4 million LESS in her lifetime! It is derived from gross current weekly pay and total weekly hours Men’s aworkedverage . Due to the broad nature of the concept, most historians narrow their scope by focusing on a particular time period, a particular country or region, a particular person, group, or individual person, a particular theme, or any combination of those categories. Anti-discrimination laws have proved disappointing given its limited coverage to equality based on same treatment as men. A recent study found that 65 and 90 percent of the gender pay gap (of 27 percent) in the sample cannot be associated with managerial characteristics and is potentially caused by discrimination. It compares wage outcomes in the wage and salary sector with those for the self‐employed. INTRODUCTION 1. Nevertheless, 18 percent of women in the workforce enjoyed equal pay through the industry-wide application of the measures. These advances had instituted significant gain wage gains for dental assistants, childcare workers and librarians. To my knowledge, there is no published literature of gender wage gap in the Australian labour market focussing on other points of the wage distributions. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. THE PERSISTENT NATURE OF AUSTRALIA ’S GENDER WAGE GAP Analysis of Australian Bureau of Statistics earnings data confirms that Australia has a persistent gender wage gap. Australian Journal of Labour Economics 309. However due to the conceptual complexity and evidentiary difficulties of an IDD claim, most cases have been framed as DD. Comparisons with the United States are provided. Under this standard, the tribunal can contrast different classifications of work within and across awards to determine work value; taking into consideration the skills, qualifications and conditions associated with the work. Watson, Ian, ‘Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market’ (2010) 13 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 49. It has mainly expelled the formal barriers that restricted women’s access to the public arena; however they are expected to conform to existing practices. Difficulties with measuring productivity in service industries meant that women concentrated in these areas faced problems in productivity-based bargaining. The chosen trends are structural unemployment, gender pay gap and skill shortage. The decline of the institutional and legal structure that had provided women some protection has locked pay inequities. This concept of work value withstood challenge in the 1986 comparable worth proceedings. Charlesworth, Sara, Strazdins, Lyndall, O’Brien, Lean and Sims, Sharryn, ‘Parents’ Jobs in Australia: Work Hours Polarisation and the Consequences for Job Quality and Gender Equality’ (2011) 14 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 35. NextAdvisor, in partnership with TIME, is a free resource to help you make smart money moves that make a big impact on your wealth. The dramatic increase in women’s workforce participation in the last fifty years has not been offset by an increased contribution by men in the household, and women continue to be disproportionately burdened with family caring responsibilities. The is the idea of a gender pay gap that is being mentioned in the MSM (Mainstream Media), and other outlets such as progressive feminists. The comparative worth policy being implemented in recent years may effectively tackle this issue; although at present there are still a significant number of occupations that have yet to benefit from its application. Essay about legal driving age australia pay essay gap in Gender dear roommate stanford essay examples. The final work when submitted got me A grade. Globalization has also facilitated changing of gender roles and securing women’s place in a work place, especially in the developing countries. Australia's gender equality scorecard is a report released each year by the Agency. It was also found that unlike men, the financial returns to experience fall in the latter years for female managers.Women’s inability to break through upper management worsens the pay inequality between the sexes. The less onerous Australian standard assigns very wide responsibility to the judiciary to determine whether a disadvantageous practice is lawful. The Chamber of Commerce & Industry of Western Australia and the leading business organization in the state reported that by 2008, gender pay gap stood at 37% when measured against the average wages that one earns on ordinary times. Chesters, Jenny, Baxter, Janeen and Western, Mark, ‘Paid and Unpaid Work in Australian Households: Trends in the Gender Division of Labour, 1986-2005’ (2009) 12 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 89. Women cannot always conform to male standards and they are punished once they deviate from established norms. Rees, Neil, Lindsay, Katherine and Rice, Simon, Australian Anti-Discrimination Law: Text, Cases and Materials (The Federation Press, 2008). From this, it is obvious that progressis necessary. gender pay gap australia essay; Contact; In terms of wage differences between men and women, Japan is lagging behind. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gender, Gender Role Orientation and Earnings’ (2008) 93 Journal of Applied Psychology 994. The collective, industry-wide remedies that trickled through awards led to an increase in the GPE ratio from 64 per cent in 1967 to 80.1 per cent in 1980. Gaze, Beth, ‘The Sex Discrimination Act After Twenty Years: Achievements, Disappointments, Disillusionment and Alternatives’ (2004) 27 UNSW Law Journal 914. Broomhill, Ray and Sharp, Rhonda, ‘The Changing Male Breadwinner Model in Australia: A New Gender Order?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 1. Developing an Equal Remuneration Principle under the Fair Work Act’ (2010) 23 Australian Journal of Labour Law 152. Countries such as the United States and United Kingdom, upon which Australian anti-discrimination laws are based, have stronger laws. (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). Harbridge, Raymond and Walsh, Pat, ‘Globalisation and Labour Market Deregulation in Australia and New Zealand: Different Approaches, Similar Outcomes’ (2002) 24 Employee Relations 423. 408-427. However equality is limited and rests on an implicit male standard. Broohim, Ray and Sharp, Rhonda, ‘The Changing Male Breadwinner Model in Australia: a New Gender Order?’ (2004) 15 Labour and Industry 1. Research by the Workplace Gender Equality Agency found a 6.1% decline in the number of employers taking action on pay equity. The rapid technological change has caused structural, examine the issue of gender income inequality in terms of age. We take care of all your paper needs and give a 24/7 customer care support system. The right to equal pay was first entrenched in federal labour law through the adoption of the 1969 and 1972 equal pay principles by Australia’s/n federal industrial tribunal. The current analysis follows an approach similar to that of Albrecht et al (2003), in order to investigate how the gender gap evolves throughout the wage distribution, and to test you Get a verified expert to help you with Reasons Behind the Gender Pay Gap (Australia), Are You on a Short Deadline? After thirty years of equal pay legislation, however, the gender wage gap in the Australian workplace continues, females earning about 8% less than their male counterparts in all industries and all-major occupational groupings. In addition, the scheme did not allow claims by individuals for a single workplace. Its findings supported United Nations Ambassador Emma Watson’s recent claim, at the launch of the ‘HeForShe’ campaign, that ‘No country in the world can yet say they have achieved gender equality’. Frazer, Andrew, ‘Anti-Discrimination Law at Mid-life Crisis’ (2011) 24 Australian Journal of Labour Law 75. However, these arrangements limit women’s ability to excel in the labour market given that most quality positions are structured for ‘ideal workers’ that can operate under full-time hours and without familial pressures. Comments (0) Add to wishlist Delete from wishlist. Together this legislation prevents services from discriminating against any group being race, gender or disability. Millennial Undergraduate Debt By Gender. (Sage reference) I will first, Problem: hourly wages are substantially higher than women’s in Australia (see Table 1): the mean gender earnings gap amongst fulltime - Another factor which contributes to the gender earnings gap is the particularly sharp pay inequity between men and women in management. Whitehouse, Gillian, ‘Pay Equity Prospects’ (2005) 13 Frontline 12. Watson, Ian, ‘Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market’ (2010) 13 Australian Journal of Labour Economics 49. Gaze, Beth,‘Context and Interpretation in Anti-Discrimination’(2002) 26 Melbourne University Law Review 325. This system affords women protection so long as they can conform to existing practices. Judge, Timothy and Livingston, Beth, ‘Is the Gap More than Gender? 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