Born in Pau in southern France, Bernadotte joined the French Royal Army in 1780. Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the Swedish Privy Council. The fear lest Sigismund might re-catholicize the land alarmed the Protestant majority in Sweden, and Charles came forward as their champion, and also as the defender of the Vasa dynasty against foreign interference. [96] Thereafter, the Crown Prince declared the neutrality of Sweden and opened negotiations with the UK and Russia. [28], In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna (1635–1680). [97], In 1813, he allied Sweden with Napoleon's enemies, including the UK, Russia and Prussia, in the Sixth Coalition, hoping to secure Norway. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. His relationship with Napoleon was turbulent; nevertheless, Napoleon named him a Marshal of the Empire on the proclamation of the French Empire. MacMillan, New York. Charles XIV John BERNADOTTE (King) of SWEDEN. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system. [9], His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts. [19] France directed its aggression against the Dutch in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards Brandenburg, under the lead of Karl Gustav Wrangel. [12], By 1794 he was promoted to brigadier, attached to the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse. [17], After the Treaty of Campo Formio, Napoleon gave Bernadotte a friendly visit at his headquarters at Udine, but immediately after deprived him of half his division of the army of the Rhine, and commanded him to march the other half back to France. The guerrilla Snapphane movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. [68] With Antwerp bristling with cannon and numerous defenders, and with the Army of Antwerp whipped into fighting shape, the British, vexed by poor leadership and with half the army immobilized with fever thanks to the insalubrious islands upon which they were quartered, realized that it was no longer possible to close the Scheldt, or take Antwerp, and withdrew their forces. Bernadotte moved West as ordered, pursued by Bennigsen where he ably defeated the numerically superior Russian vanguard at Mohrungen (25 January 1807). 245–46, Meredith, William George (1829). [44] In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte (1711–1780), prosecutor at Pau, and his wife (married at Boeil, 20 February 1754) Jeanne de Saint-Jean (1728–1809), niece of the lay abbot of Sireix. The Norwegian constitution gave the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, more power than any legislature in Europe. Bernadotte was also tasked with assuring France's newest ally, the Elector of Bavaria, Maximillian Joseph, that the Austrians would be driven from his country. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. [37][38] In fact, he did what he had been ordered to do, and more fundamental responsibility for his absence rests upon the ambiguous and indirect orders issued by Berthier and Napoleon's unawareness of the Prussian position. [39][40], After the Battle of Jena, Bernadotte crushed the Prussian Reserve Army, all fresh troops fortified behind a marsh and the River Saale, under Duke Eugen of Württemberg at Halle (17 October 1806), though Imperial Headquarters did not much appreciate this victory. He was born Prince Carl Ludwig Eugen of Sweden, Duke of Skåne, on May 3, 1826, at the Royal Palace of Stockholm, the eldest child of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg.He had four younger siblings: The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XI does not mean that he was the 11th king of Sweden who had the name Charles. [83][33], He also faced challenges in Norway. Charles XIII, or Carl XIII, (Swedish: Karl XIII, 7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818), was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 to his death. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. During the battle Bernadotte's personal wagon was captured by the Russians and he was accused, by the Cossacks who looted his baggage, of having extorted a large quantity of silver plate from minor German states, however the claim was never substantiated and ran contrary to Bernadotte's reputation. In accepting the position, Bernadotte requested additional soldiers, settlers, and funding to support the colony, but Napoleon refused. Greenhill, London. He was initially popular in both countries. [33] At the same time, he converted from Roman Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court; Swedish law required the monarch to be Lutheran. [31] I Corps then co-operated in the great movement which resulted in the shutting off of Mack in the Battle of Ulm. Barton, D. Plunkett (1921). [30], Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. It is also known which part I played in that. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered. The hostility of Poland and the breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for the possession of Livonia and Ingria, the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his pretensions to claim Lappland brough… At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people. Finally, the Riksdag at Linköping, 24 February 1604 declared that Sigismund abdicated the Swedish throne, that duke Charles was recognized as the sovereign. Of the latter, Bernadotte was gifted in his ability to inspire his men to prodigious feats of valor. In April 1800, despite his Republican sympathies, Bernadotte was offered, and freely accepted, from April 1800 to 18 August 1801, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the West in the rebellious Vendée where he successfully restored its tranquility. Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell, Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904), Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, "Habsburg, Maria (Herzogin zu Berg, Jülich und Cleve)", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków, Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_XI_of_Sweden&oldid=999871032, Articles with Swedish-language sources (sv), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Digitaltmuseum template using Wikidata property P1248, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Åberg, A., "The Swedish army from Lützen to Narva", in, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 10:49. -- poss. [7] Per Brahe was one member of the council. 9, 1812–1817, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1942, Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). [17] As a reward for his services at Austerlitz, he became the 1st Sovereign Prince of Ponte Corvo (5 June 1806), a district of Naples formerly subject to the Pope. [89], Soon after Charles John's arrival in Sweden, Napoleon compelled him to accede to the Continental System and declare war against the United Kingdom; otherwise, Sweden would have to face the determination of France, Denmark and Russia. He demanded that the Storting give him the power of absolute veto, but was forced to back down. 5 April] 1697) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1718).. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a catechism written by archbishop Olov Svebilius and then-bishop Haqvin Spegel so that they would understand the "magnificence of God". [74] The matter was decided by an obscure Swedish courtier, nephew of Count Gustav Mörner,[75] the commander of the Swedish force captured by Bernadotte at Lübeck, Baron Karl Otto Mörner, who, entirely on his own initiative, offered the succession to the Swedish crown to Bernadotte. 4-6. [33], On 26 January 1844,[33] his 81st birthday, Charles John was found unconscious in his chambers having suffered a stroke. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period. [11], It was during this period of rapid advancement that the military qualities he became known for, daring assaults and Gasconades, came to the fore. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia, a disability that was poorly understood at the time. This time Bernadotte's depleted forces - he had only 6,000 infantry left - broke and fled (Bernadotte's Corps was not the only one to have broken that day, Masséna's troops were also routed by the attack). He was the second-born child of his parents and the eldest son in the family, making him the natural heir to the throne. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Danish king Christian V declared war on Sweden that September. Charles's short reign was one of uninterrupted warfare. [40][41], Charles was a devoted Lutheran Christian. A remedy was attempted by chancellor Nils Brahe, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark engaged to the Swedish king. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. [129], The novel was filmed as Désirée in 1954, with Marlon Brando as Napoleon, Jean Simmons as Désirée, and Michael Rennie as Bernadotte. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him. Smith, Digby (2001). As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less Ulrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. 169-170, 256-257. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. -- Marie (Bertandot de Higueres) de la BARRIERE (? However, Bernadotte maintained strict discipline amongst his troops and his good treatment of the Danes made him popular with the populace and Danish Royal Family. 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